HPRHealth Psychology ResearchTBA2420-8124Health Psychology Research10.52965/001c.37515GeneralPsychometric testing of the Maltese versions of the Exercise   Benefits/Barriers Scale and Exercise Motivation Inventory – 2 https://healthpr.org/journal/HPR/10/3/10.52965/001c.37515SpiteriKarl,CaroJohn Xerri de,GraftonKate,BroomDavid20221032022-08-24Background Consideration of psychological factors towards exercise participation is important, especially when placed within a cultural context. Objective The aim of this study was to translate the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale and Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 to Maltese and undertake psychometric testing. Methods Maltese-speaking participants (n = 170) aged 18 to 69 years were recruited. 72% completed both questionnaires twice within an 8-to 48-hour period. Reliability was calculated using the Spearman correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland–Altman plots. Convergent construct validity was tested using Spearman correlation between theoretical variables. Results In total 155 participants completed the questionnaires at both time points. The test/re-test reliability of the two questionnaires was >0.7 for all analyses. Correlations for validity were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion The translated tools have similar psychometric properties to the original version; the authors recommend that health care professionals and physical activity practitioners use these tools when examining population-level physical activity behaviour among Maltese-speaking individuals.Reliability, Physical activity, Exercise, motivation, translation

1. Cortis C, Puggiana A, Pesce C, et al. Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A “DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity” (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):1-25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182709 2. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000;25(1):54-67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 3. Ingledew DK, Markland D, Ferguson E. Three levels of exercise motivation. Appl Psychol Heal Well-Being. 2009;1(3):336-355. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01015.x 4. Brown SA. Measuring perceived benefits and perceived barriers for physical activity. Am J Health Behav. 2005;29(2):107-116. doi:10.5993/ajhb.29.2. 5. Sechrist KR, Walker SN, Pender NJ. Development and psychometric evaluation of the exercise benefits/barriers scale. Res Nurs Health. 1987;10(6):357-365. doi:10.1002/nur.4770100603 6. Markland D, Ingledew DK. The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. Br J Health Psychol. 1997;2(4):361-376. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00549.x 7. Akbari Kamrani AA, Zamani Sani SH, Fathire-Zaie Z, Bashiri M, Ahmadi E. The psychometric characteristics of the exercise benefits/barriers scale among Iranian elderly. Iran J Public Health. 2014;43(3):362-366. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=prem&NEWS=N&AN=25988097 8. Ortabag T, Ceylan S, Akyuz A, Bebis H. The validity and reliability of the exercise benefits/barriers scale for Turkish military nursing students. South African J Res Sport Phys Educ Recreat. 2010;32(2):55-70. doi:10.4314/sajrs.v32i2.59297 9. Enriquez-Reyna MC, Cruz-Castruita RM, Ceballos-Gurrola O, Garcia-Cadena CH, Hernandez-Cortés PL, Guevara-Valtier MC. Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2902. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.1566.2902 10. Victor JF, Ximenes LB, Almeida PC de. Reliability and validity of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers scale in the elderly. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(spe1):48-53. doi:10.1590/s0103-21002012000800008 11. Hwang EH, Chung YS. Effects of the exercise self efficacy and exercise benefits/barriers on doing regular exercise of the elderly. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2008;38(3):428. doi:10.4040/jkan.2008.38.3.428 12. Markland D, Hardy L. The exercise motivations inventory: Preliminary development and validity of a measure of individuals' reasons for participation in regular physical exercise. Pers Individ Dif. 1993;15(3):289-296. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90219-s 13. Markland DA. Exercise Motivation Measurement. Accessed August 22, 2021. http://exercise-motivation.bangor.ac.uk/emi/foreign.php 14. Quindry JC, Yount D, O'Bryant H, Rudisill ME. Exercise Engagement Is Differentially Motivated by Age-Dependent Factors. Am J Health Behav. 2011;35(3):334-345. doi:10.5993/ajhb.35.3.7 15. Behling O, Law KS. Translating Questionnaires and Other Research Instruments. Sage Publications, Inc.; 2011. doi:10.4135/9781412986373 16. Collins D. Cognitive Interviewing: Origin, Purpose and Limitations. In: Cognitive Interviewing Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2015. doi:10.4135/9781473910102.n1 17. Gray M. Conducting Cognitive Interviews. In: Cognitive Interviewing Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2015:126-141. doi:10.4135/9781473910102.n6 18. Walter SD, Eliasziw M, Donner A. Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Stat Med. 1998;17(1):101-110. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980115)17:1<101::AID-SIM727>3.0.CO;2-E 19. Streiner D, Norman GR, Cairne J. Health Measurment Scales a Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. Fifth. Oxford University Press; 2015. 20. Kimberlin CL, Winterstein AG. Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. Am J Heal Pharm. 2008;65(23):2276-2284. doi:10.2146/ajhp070364 21. Kottner J, Audige L, Brorson S, et al. Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(6):661-671. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.016 22. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement Between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement. Lancet. 1986;327(8476):307-310. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 23. Musselwhite DJ, Wesolowski BC, Thompson DJM, Wesolowski BC. Standard Error of Measurement. In: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2018:1588-1590. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5 2847 24. Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: Theory and application. Am J Med. 2006;119(2):166.e7-166.e16. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036 25. Spiteri K, Grafton K, Xerri de Caro J, Broom D. Translation of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to Maltese and Reliability Testing. J Meas Phys Behav. 2021;4(1):23-30. doi:10.1123/jmpb.2020-0031 26. Sechrist KR, Walker SN, Pender NJ. Health Promotion Model- Instruments to Measure HPM Behavioral Determinants: Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale [EBBS] (Adult Version). Published 1987. Accessed September 13, 2021. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/85354 27. Mundfrom DJ, Shaw DG, Ke TL. Minimum Sample Size Recommendations for Conducting Factor Analyses. Int J Test. 2005;5(2):159-168. doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0502_4 28. MacCallum RC, Widaman KF, Zhang S, Hong S. Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(1):84-99. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 29. Dacey M, Baltzell A, Zaichkowsky L, et al. Older adults' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation toward physical activity. Am J Health Behav. 2008;32(6):570-582. doi:10.5993/ajhb.32.6. 30. Farahani LA, Parvizy S, Mohammadi E, et al. The psychometric properties of exercise benefits/barriers scale among women. Electron Physician. 2017;9 (January):3592-3597. doi:10.19082/4780 31. Enriquez-Reyna MC, Cruz-Castruita RM, Ceballos-Gurrola O, Garcia-Cadena CH, Hernández-Cortés PL, Guevara-Valtier MC. Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers scale in Mexican elderly women. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2017;25. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.1566.2902 32. Mullan E, Markland D. Variations in self-determination across the stages of change for exercise in adults. Motiv Emot. 1997;21(4):349-362. doi:10.1023/a:1024436423492 33. Ingledew DK, Markland D. The role of motives in exercise participation. Psychol Heal. 2008;23(7):807-828. doi:10.1080/08870440701405704 34. Loney T, Standage M, Thompson D, Sebire SJ, Cumming S. Self-report vs. objectively assessed physical activity: Which is right for public health? J Phys Act Heal. 2011;8(1):62-70. doi:10.1123/jpah.8.1.62 35. Gierc M, Locke S, Jung M, Brawley L. Attempting to be active: Self-efficacy and barrier limitation differentiate activity levels of working mothers. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(7):1351-1360. doi:10.1177/1359105314553047 36. Gjestvang C, Abrahamsen F, Stensrud T, Haakstad LAH. Motives and barriers to initiation and sustained exercise adherence in a fitness club setting-A one-year follow-up study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(9):1796-1805. doi:10.1111/sms.13736